Only a broad theory that looks across levels of analysis can encompass the many perspectives on the phenomenon of empathy. We address the major points of our commentators by emphasizing that the basic perception-action process, while automatic, is subject to control and modulation, and is greatly affected by experience and context because of the role of representations. The model can explain why empathy seems phenomenologically more effortful than reflexive, and why there are different levels of empathy across individuals, ages, and (...) species. (shrink)

Understanding natural phenomena is an important aim of science. Since the turn of the millennium the notion of scientific understanding has been a hot topic of debate in the philosophy of science. A bone of contention in this debate is the role of truth and representational accuracy in scientific understanding. So-called factivists and non-factivists disagree about the extent to which the theories and models that are used to achieve understanding must be true or accurate. In this paper we address this (...) issue by examining a case from the practice of synthetic chemistry. We investigate how understanding is obtained in this field by means of an in-depth analysis of the famous synthesis of periplanone B by W. Clark Still. It turns out that highly idealized models—that are representationally inaccurate and sometimes even inconsistent—and qualitative concepts are essential for understanding the synthetic pathway and accordingly for achieving the synthesis. We compare the results of our case study to various factivist and non-factivist accounts of how idealizations may contribute to scientific understanding and conclude that non-factivism offers a more plausible interpretation of the practice of synthetic chemistry. Moreover, our case study supports a central thesis of the non-factivist theory of scientific understanding developed by De Regt, namely that scientific understanding requires intelligibility rather than representational accuracy, and that idealization is one way to enhance intelligibility. (shrink)

There is disagreement in the literature about the exact nature of the phenomenon of empathy. There are emotional, cognitive, and conditioning views, applying in varying degrees across species. An adequate description of the ultimate and proximate mechanism can integrate these views. Proximately, the perception of an object's state activates the subject's corresponding representations, which in turn activate somatic and autonomic responses. This mechanism supports basic behaviors that are crucial for the reproductive success of animals living in groups. The Perception-Action Model, (...) together with an understanding of how representations change with experience, can explain the major empirical effects in the literature. It can also predict a variety of empathy disorders. The interaction between the PAM and prefrontal functioning can also explain different levels of empathy across species and age groups. This view can advance our evolutionary understanding of empathy beyond inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism and can explain different levels of empathy across individuals, species, stages of development, and situations. Key Words: altruism; cognitive empathy ; comparative; emotion; emotional contagion; empathy ; evolution; human; perception-action; perspective taking. (shrink)

Gold & Stoljar are right in rejecting the radical neuron doctrine, but we argue that their distinction between determination and explanation is not principled enough to support their conclusion. We claim that the notions of multiple supervenience and screening-off offer a more precise construal of the dissociation between explanation and determination that lies at the heart of the antireductionist position.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) uses the conceptualization of psychopathology to make psychiatric diagnoses operational. The use of explicit operational criteria appears to be based on an implicit neo-positivist epistemology. Operationalism involves an excessive focus on quantitative descriptions of behavior manifestations, contesting that psychopathology is understood as a deviation from the normal or the average in a given population. Consequently, the normal and the psychopathological become homogeneous. Our analysis investigates if this neo-positivist epistemology narrows (...) psychopathology conceptualization and endanger integration with the hybrid biopsychosocial model of psychiatry. Based on Georges Canguilhem’s theorization of a qualitative approach to the individual organism who is in a state of morbidity, we show that the (psychiatric) pathology also contains differences in quality. Moreover, that humans are norm-producing organisms that actively respond to changes in their internal and external environment. In this regard, the operationalization of mental disorders could include the normativity in humans, i.e., the ability to produce norms. We argue this will mitigate the one-sided psychopathology conceptualization and strengthen the relationship between psychiatric nosology and psychiatry’s hybrid biopsychosocial model. (shrink)

No detailed description available for "Standpunt".

Allen prefaces his book with a quote from Milton's Apology. In it, Milton confesses to a certain education and training in the art of rhetoric, but contrasts it to the genuine eloquence that truth inspires in those speakers who earnestly desire to teach the good things they know to others. It would seem no accident that Allen has chosen the passage; his intention is to tell us the good things he has found in his inquiry into Socrates' trial and condemnation. (...) Accordingly, the book concentrates on Plato's Apology and Crito. (shrink)

In this article, the authors bring two personal journeys together: one author’s liberationist journey, sparked by a search for justice and liberation in the slums of Guatemala City, and the other’s lifelong commitment to practical theology and spatial justice in South Africa. A practical theology of liberation is the result of life experiences in countries of the Global South amidst the search for justice and liberation. The worlds that come together in this article are René Girard’s mimetic theory, liberation theology (...) and practical theology. This article raises the question of the cross-contextuality of practical theology and the theological application of mimetic theory to develop innovative theological methodologies that respond to the collective woundedness of the urban context in the Global South.Contribution: The main contribution of this article is the use of three seemingly different theological approaches in conjunction. This article opens the door to inform practical theology with René Girard’s mimetic theory and liberation theology. (shrink)

Reflects the many facets of Jean Piaget's work.

Jules Janssens a construit une œuvre importante, qui, pour de nombreux chercheurs, a ouvert des perspectives de recherches nouvelles et fécondes. Ses travaux ont fait date. Ils portent principalement sur la philosophie d'Avicenne, ses sources, ses rapports avec la pensée musulmane, son influence sur la théologie ash'arite (al-Ghazālī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī) et sa réception dans le monde latin. Pour lui rendre hommage, quatorze collègues et amis de renommée internationale se sont réunis pour poursuivre ses réflexions sur ces thèmes. L'ouvrage qui (...) en est issu offre un état des lieux de la recherche contemporaine sur Avicenne et sa postérité arabo-latine. (shrink)

We argue in this paper that so-called new wave reductionism fails to capture the nature of the interlevel relations between psychology and neuroscience. Bickle (1995, Psychoneural reduction of the genuinely cognitive: some accomplished facts, Philosophical Psychology, 8, 265-285; 1998, Psychoneural reduction: the new wave, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) has claimed that a (bottom-up) reduction of the psychological concepts of learning and memory to the concepts of neuroscience has in fact already been accomplished. An investigation of current research on the phenomenon (...) of long-term potentiation reveals that this claim overstates the facts. Both the psychological and the neural concepts involved have not yet stabilized and face further correction under the influence of both bottom-up and top-down selection pressures. In addition, psychological concepts often refer to functions, and functions are indispensable and irreducible. Function ascriptions pick out objective patterns involving historical factors and distal goals. This view of functions implies that psychological facts cannot be simply read off from the neurophysiological facts. Although psychological theorizing is constrained by neurophysiology (and vice versa), psychology remains distinct at least to some degree. (shrink)

Visions of nature are defined as public views on what nature is, what values are carried by nature and what is the appropriate relationship between humans and nature. They were studied in Lubelski region, Poland. With respect to the first, respondents expressed that human influence and naturalness do not exclude each other. One result of the values survey was that respondents acknowledged nature's intrinsic value. The study into the relationship between humans and nature showed that the respondents adhered strongly to (...) a steward type of relationship, and that more ecocentric images were adhered to for a lesser, but substantial degree. (shrink)

Reviewed Works:Dick de Jongh, Franco Montagna, Provable Fixed Points.Dick de Jongh, Franco Montagna, Much Shorter Proofs.Alessandra Carbone, Franco Montagna, Rosser Orderings in Bimodal Logics.Alessandra Carbone, Franco Montagna, Much Shorter Proofs: A Bimodal Investigation.

The doctrine of eliminative materialism holds that belief-desire psychology is massively referentially disconnected. We claim, however, that it is not at all obvious what it means to be referentially (dis)connected. The two major accounts of reference both lead to serious difficulties for eliminativism: it seems that elimination is either impossible or omnipresent. We explore the idea that reference fixation is a much more local, partial, and context-dependent process than was supposed by the classical accounts. This pragmatic view suggests that elimination (...) is not the prime model for understanding the complex relations between the mind and brain sciences, and that we have little ground for concluding that in general psychological kinds do not exist. We suggest that reference changes are better seen as continuous rather than completely eliminative. (shrink)

La postérité, on le sait, ne fait pas toujours dans le détail. Elle distribue les bons et les mauvais points suivant une logique qui apparaît parfois très arbitraire. Jules de Gaultier, philosophe original, lecteur attentif de Schopenhauer et de Nietzsche, surtout connu pour avoir donné ses lettres de noblesse à la notion de Bovarysme, en sait quelque chose. Ayant joui d'une certaine reconnaissance en son temps il est tombé, depuis de longues décennies dans un oubli quasi-total. L'essentiel de la philosophie (...) de Jules de Gaultier réside dans la certitude que " toute réalité qui se connaît elle-même se connaît autre qu'elle n'est. " Tous les élans vers le réel sont vains : l'homme ne peut avoir qu'une vision faussée du monde. Toutes les reconstructions de la réalité phénoménale, même les plus prétendument scientifiques, ne sont que des reconstitutions illusoires et mensongères de ce qui est réellement. Dans ce contexte, l'homme n'a que deux alternatives " croire " ou " contempler " ; soit il se noie dans le réel sans se poser de questions, à la manière du croyant accroché à sa foi, soit il adopte, vis-à-vis du monde qui l'entoure une attitude spectaculaire qui, si elle ne lui permet pas d'en saisir les mécanismes profonds, l'empêche d'être dupe de ses illusions. La pensée sans concessions de Jules de Gaultier nous entraîne, certes, dans les dédales d'un monde inquiétant, tragique même, sans consistance réelle, sans but ; mais elle rend également à l'homme toute sa dignité et lui redonne les rênes de son destin : le réel n'est rien d'autre que ce que je veux qu'il soit, nous dit Jules de Gaultier... Conclusion effrayante pour beaucoup ; ultime consolation pour les plus sages. (shrink)

Scholars and policymakers have increasingly advocated to engage citizens more substantially in the development of science and technology. However, to a large extent it has remained unknown how citizens can contribute to technology development. In this study, we systematically characterized citizens’ contributions in the development of nanotechnology for health. We explored to which technology aspects citizens are able to provide suggestions on and on which values their suggestions are based. Fifty citizens in the Netherlands were asked to discuss different applications (...) of nanotechnology for health. They were divided over eight focus groups, which lasted approximately 6.5h each. The citizens were able to contribute to various technology aspects; they mainly focused on the technologies’ implementation and use, they paid some attention to the development and system aspects, and also addressed, but less, the design and communication aspects. Their suggestions were often derived from concerns about the potential effects of the technologies and were predominantly based on the values of well-being, autonomy, and privacy. (shrink)

... Avicenne et Fismaelisme sont comme'eau et le feu. On se souviendra du fameux passage de son autobiographie ou le philosophe coupe court avec toutes les ...

This study examined the ethical issues experienced by nurses working in a small group of elderly persons’ care settings in the UK, using a survey questionnaire previously used in other countries for examining the cultural aspects of ethical issues. However ‘culture’ relates not only to ethnicity but also the organizational culture in which care is delivered. Nurses working in elderly persons’ care settings described a range of issues faced when caring for elderly terminally ill people, which illustrated the different needs (...) of patients, relatives, professionals and society. These issues related to the unique needs of elderly people (such as dementia sufferers) and could have an impact on patients’ quality of death. (shrink)

Publié de 1899 à 1950, le Dictionnaire de théologie catholique a longtemps été considéré comme l’incarnation de positions doctrinales conservatrices. À parcourir les articles qui traitent en son sein des domaines et des méthodes de la théologie, comme les articles Fondamentale ou générale (théologie) du chanoine Albert Michel, Lieux théologiques d’Ambroise Gardeil, Salamanque (théologiens de) de Thomas Deman, Thomisme de Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange ou encore Théologie d’Yves Congar, force est de constater que le Dictionnaire de théologie catholique a en réalité activement (...) participé aux grands débats épistémologiques qui ont contribué à renouveler profondément le champ de la théologie catholique contemporaine. (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo oferece alguns pressupostos, condições e situações atinentes ao Ensino de Filosofia tendo em vista discutir seu potencial reconhecimento como campo do conhecimento autônomo vinculado ao território epistemológico da Filosofia, cujo status de sua autonomia advém da demarcação de um objeto, métodos e finalidades sociais específicas. Primeiramente, então, fizemos uma exposição em torno a um estatuto epistemológico para o Ensino de Filosofia, elaborando em seguida um itinerário de diferenciação entre a Filosofia da Educação e uma Filosofia do Ensino (...) de Filosofia, finalizando a discussão oferecemos alguns argumentos quanto à capacidade de intervenção social do ensino de Filosofia, a qual atua na formação dos sujeitos seja no âmbito pessoal seja no profissional. Por fim, encaminhamos algumas questões corrrelatas para futuros exercícios filosofantes desde/acerca/em prol do ensino de Filosofia e também do Ensino de Filosofia. Palavras-chave: Ensino de Filosofia; Educação Filosófica; Estatuto Epistemológico; Filosofia do Ensino de Filosofia The Teaching of Philosophy: between epistemological problems and social issues Abstract: This paper offers some presuppositions, conditions and situations which are related to Teaching of Philosophy in view to discuss its potential acceptance as an field of knowledge autonomous in the epistemological territory of Philosophy, whose its status of autonomy comes from the demarcation of an specific object, methods and specific social purposes. At first, we made an exposition around an epistemological statute for the Teaching of Philosophy. Then, we elaborated an itinerary of differentiation between the Philosophy of Education and a Philosophy of the Teaching of Philosophy. At the conclusion of this discussion, we offered some arguments about potential social intervention of the teaching of Philosophy, which works in the formation of the subjects, whether their personal or professional scope. Finally, we indicated some related issues for future philosophizing exercises from/about/in favor of teaching of Philosophy and the Teaching of Philosophy also. Keywords: Teaching of Philosophy; Philosophy of Education; Epistemological Statute; Philosophy of the Teaching of Philosophy L'Enseignement de la Philosophie : entre problèmes épistémologiques et questions sociales Résumé: Cet article propose quelques présupposés, conditions ainsi que situations qui se rapportent à l'Enseignement de la Philosophie afin de discuter sa potentielle acceptation en tant que champ de la connaissance autonome dans le territoire épistémologique de la Philosophie, dont le statut d'autonomie provient de la délimitation d'un objet, des méthodes et des finalités sociales ces qui sont spécifiques. D’abord nous avons fait un exposé autour d'un statut épistémologique de l'Enseignement de la Philosophie. Ensuite, nous avons élaboré un itinéraire pour indiquer la différenciation entre la Philosophie de l'Éducation et une Philosophie de l'Enseignement de la Philosophie. Pour finir, nous avons proposé quelques arguments sur la potentielle intervention sociale de l'enseignement de la Philosophie, celui que opère dans la formation des sujets au cadre soit personnel soit professionnel. Pour terminer, nous avons indiqué quelques questions connexes pour les futurs exercices philosophiques de / sur / en faveur de l'enseignement de la Philosophie et aussi de l'Enseignement de la Philosophie. Mots-clés: Enseignement de la Philosophie; Philosophie de l'Éducation; Statut Épistémologique; Philosophie de l'Enseignement de la Philosophie Data de registro: 20/01/2023 Data de aceite: 24/01/2024. (shrink)

What is the link between the discovery of the relativistic expanding Universe and British imperialism? A public panel debate in the early days of relativistic cosmology shows how fundamental scientific research, whether there are obvious political stakeholders (like biosecurity and climate) or not, runs real-time risks of being repurposed for political ends.

Effectively addressing ethical issues in precision medicine research in Africa requires a holistic social contract that integrates biomedical knowledge with local cultural values and Indigenous knowledge systems. Drawing on African epistemologies such as ubuntu and ujamaa and on our collective experiences in genomics and big data research for sickle cell disease, hearing impairment, and fragile X syndrome and the project Public Understanding of Big Data in Genomics Medicine in Africa, we envision a transformative shift in health research data governance in (...) Africa that could help create a sense of shared responsibility between all stakeholders in genomics and data‐driven health research in Africa. This shift includes proposing a social contract for genomics and data science in health research that is grounded in African communitarianism such as solidarity, shared decision‐making, and reciprocity. We make several recommendations for a social contract for genomics and data science in health, including the coproduction of genomics knowledge with study communities, power sharing between stakeholders, public education on the ethical and social implications of genetics and data science, benefit sharing, giving voice to data subjects through dynamic consent, and democratizing data access to allow wide access by all research stakeholders. Achieving this would require adopting participatory approaches to genomics and data governance. (shrink)

Henri de Lubac n'a pas seulement consacré plusieurs études à son confrère jésuite Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, il a aussi édité un certain nombre de lettres écrites par celui-ci - parmi les-quelles les Lettres d'egypte. Ces lettres furent rédigées de 1905 à 1908. Teilhard effectuait alors, dans le cadre de sa formation, trois aimées de " régence " au collège du Caire, où il était " lecteur de chimie et de physique ". Outre l'exercice de cette charge, il profita de (...) son séjour pour découvrir l'Égypte et pour s'adonner à la paléontologie. Il commença alors de subir une véritable fascination de l'Orient ; mais l'attirance panthéiste, loin de le détourner de la foi chrétienne, le conduira plutôt à découvrir la dimension cosmique de sa propre tradition. C'est en 1963 que le P. de Lubac édita les Lettres d'Egypte, contribuant ainsi à la réhabilitation de leur auteur. Ces lettres que Teilhard avait adressées à ses parents témoignent de toute son affection filiale. Elles mettent aussi en évidence sa vocation de chercheur, ainsi que ses remarquables qualités d'écrivain. Surtout, à travers elles se manifeste déjà ce qui ne cessera de retentir dans l'oeuvre ultérieure du père Teilhard : l'amour passionné d'un chrétien pour l'univers. (shrink)

El paradigma hermenéutico ha abierto un horizonte amplio a la hora de interpretar y comprender textos, pero ha cerrado las posibilidades existenciales que ya en Ser y tiempo abriera Heidegger. Lo que se intenta aquí es señalar esos presupuestos ontológico-existenciales que indicara acertadamente el filósofo alemán en su momento. El avance que se presenta hace parte del proyecto de investigación “Ontología en América Latina” que lidera el Grupo de Investigación Tlamatinime. La primera parte tiene como objetivo fijar cuatro lineamientos que (...) estructuran la propuesta de una hermenéutica existencial: 1. La disposición afectiva como afectación y responsabilidad. 2. El comprender afectivo. 3. El comprender como interpretación. 4. El sentido. La segunda parte, consiste en presentar lo que se vislumbra por hermenéutica existencial y cuál sería su propósito. (shrink)

De Morgan's Formal Logic, which was published on virtually the same day in 1847 as Boole's The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, contains a logic of complex terms (LCT) which has been sadly neglected. It is surprising to find that LCT contains almost a full theory of Boolean algebra. This paper will: (1) provide some background to LCT; (2) outline its main features; (3) point out some gaps in it; (4) compare it with Boole's algebra; (5) show that it is a (...) lattice-theoretical formulation of Boolean algebra; (6) discuss some issues of historical priority; and (7) conclude with the puzzle of LCT's lack of influence. (shrink)

La Seconde Guerre mondiale venait à peine de s'achever quand le hasard fit de Frédéric de Towarnicki le premier visiteur de Heidegger dans l'Allemagne ne cendres, verrouillée de toute part. Quel " coup de dés " l'avait donc conduit dans Fribourg en ruine, à la recherche de ce philosophe dont on ne savait rien depuis des années? Le récit insolite, parfois drôle, de ses rencontres avec Heidegger dans sa maison de Zähringen ou sur les routes de la Forêt-Noire est suivi (...) de vingt-trois conversations avec Jean Beaufret qui fut, durant plus de trente ans, l'ami et l'interlocuteur du penseur le plus audacieux et le plus attaqué de notre temps. La passion qui anime ce livre pourrait bien, au-delà des polémiques, révéler au lecteur la surprenante simplicité à laquelle aboutissent les méditations de Heidegger. (shrink)

The variety of residuated lattices includes a vast proportion of the classes of algebras that are relevant for algebraic logic, e.g., \-groups, Heyting algebras, MV-algebras, or De Morgan monoids. Among the outliers, one counts orthomodular lattices and other varieties of quantum algebras. We suggest a common framework—pointed left-residuated \-groupoids—where residuated structures and quantum structures can all be accommodated. We investigate the lattice of subvarieties of pointed left-residuated \-groupoids, their ideals, and develop a theory of left nuclei. Finally, we extend some (...) parts of the theory of join-completions of residuated \-groupoids to the left-residuated case, giving a new proof of MacLaren’s theorem for orthomodular lattices. (shrink)